Honors World History
Chapter 1
The Peopling of the World, Prehistory–2500 B.C.
Humans migrate
throughout much of the world and begin to
develop tools, art,
agriculture, and cities.
I : Human Origins in
Fossil evidence
shows that the earliest humans originate in
Human
Origins in
Defining
Prehistory
• Time before the
invention of writing, about 5,000 years ago
Scientific
Clues
• Archaeologists
study bones and artifacts—human-made objects
• Anthropologists
study culture—a group’s way of life
• Paleontologists
study fossils—plant or animal remains preserved in rock
Early
Footprints Found
• Mary Leakey
team discovers prehistoric footprints in
• Laetoli footprints
belong to hominids—creatures that walk upright
The
Discovery of “Lucy”
• Donald Johanson team finds female hominid in
• Nicknames 3.5
million-year-old skeleton “Lucy”
Hominids
Walk Upright
• Walking upright
helps hominids travel distances easily
• They also
develop the opposable thumb
• Early hominids,
like Lucy, are a species of australopithecines
The Old
Stone Age Begins
Three
Phases of the Stone Age
• Paleolithic
Age (Old Stone Age) lasted from about 2.5 million to 8000 B.C.
• Mesolithic Age
•Neolithic
Age (New Stone Age) lasted from 8000 to 3000 B.C.
• Paleolithic Age
had cold temperatures and large glaciers (Ice Age)
• Use of tools,
fire, and language develops during the Stone Age
Homo
habilis May Have Used Tools
• Louis and Mary
Leakey discover 2.5 million-year-old hominid fossil
• Found in
Homo
erectus Develops Technology
• Appeared about
1.6 million years ago in
• Homo
erectus, upright man, used intelligence to develop technology
• Technology—ways of
applying knowledge, tools, and inventions
• Developed tools
to dig, scrape, cut; became skillful hunters
• First hominid
to use fire; might have developed language
• First hominid
to migrate from
The Dawn
of Modern Humans
Appearance
of Homo sapiens
• Species name
for modern humans; had larger brain than Homo erectus
• Neanderthals
and Cro-Magnons appear; not ancestors of Homo sapiens
Neanderthals’
Way of Life
• Powerful
muscles and thick bones
• Lived 200,000
to 30,000 years ago in
• Developed
religious beliefs and performed rituals
• Lived in caves,
shelters made of wood and skin
Cro-Magnons
Emerge
• About 40,000
years ago Cro-Magnons appear
• Physically identical
to modern humans
• Hunted in
groups; better hunters than Neanderthals
• Advanced skill
in spoken language
• Migrated from
• Population grew
quickly, replaced Neanderthals
New
Findings Add to Knowledge Fossils, Tools, and Cave Paintings
• New fossil
discovery places hominids in
• Stone tools
suggest tool making began earlier than previously thought
• Stone flute
suggests Neanderthals might have made music
• Cave drawings
of people, animals give clues to ways of life
II. Humans
Try to Control Nature
The development
of agriculture causes an increase in population and the growth of a settled way
of life.
Early
Advances in Technology and Art
Tools
Needed to Survive
• Paleolithic
(Old Stone Age) humans were nomads—moved in search of food
• Hunted animals,
collected plant foods—were hunter-gatherers
• Cro-Magnons had
more than 100 specialized tools; bone needles to sew
Artistic
Expressions in the Paleolithic Age
• Early modern
humans created art:
- cave paintings, animal scuptures,
rock engravings and paintings
- jewelry of sea shells, lion teeth, bear claws
- polished beads from mammoth tusks
The
Beginnings of Agriculture
The
Neolithic Revolution
• Neolithic
Revolution—agricultural revolution, began about 10,000 years ago
• Nomadic women
scattered seeds, then discovered crops growing
• Shift from
food-gathering to food-production great breakthrough
Causes of
the Agricultural Revolution
• Rising
temperatures probably a key reason
• Longer growing
seasons, drier land for wild grasses
• Constant supply
of food led to population growth
Early
Farming Methods
• Slash-and-burn
farming—clear land by cutting and burning trees
• Farmers moved
to new area after year or two
Domestication
of Animals
• Domestication—taming wild
animals to ensure a constant source of food
• Hunters and
farmers tamed horses, dogs, goats, and pigs
Agriculture
in Jarmo
• Site in
northeastern
• Wild grasses,
goats, pigs, sheep, horse thrived near
Villages
Grow and Prosper; Farming Develops in Many Places
• Farming in
• Different crops
developed in different areas
Catal Huyuk
• Farming thrived
here 8,000 years ago; located in modern
• Population of
5,000 to 6,000 grew crops, raised sheep and cattle
• Made pottery,
wove baskets, traded valuable obsidian
• In 1958,
remains of village found; wall paintings, religious shrines
III :
Civilization
Case
Study:
Prosperous
farming villages, food surpluses, and new technology lead to the rise of civilizations.
Villages
Grow into Cities
Agriculture
Causes Change
• Farming success
leads to larger communities
Economic
Changes
• Ancient people
build irrigation systems to increase food production
• Food surpluses
free some people to develop new skills
• Craftspeople
make cloth, objects; traders profit from exchange of goods
• Invention of
wheel and sail enable traders to travel longer distances
Social
Changes
• Social classes
develop; religion becomes more organized
How
Civilization Develops
• Located in
• One of the
first civilizations—a complex culture:
- advanced
cities
- specialized workers
- complex institutions
- record keeping
- advanced
technology
Advanced
Cities
• Cities with
larger populations rise, become centers of trade
Specialized
Workers
• Labor becomes specialized—specific
skills of workers developed
• Artisans make goods that
show skill and artistic ability
Complex
Institutions
• Institutions
(governments,
religion, the economy) are established
• Governments
establish laws, maintain order
•
Record
Keeping
• Professional
record keepers, scribes, record taxes and laws
• Scribes invent cuneiform, a system of
writing about 3000 B.C.
• People begin to
write about city events
Improved
Technology
• New tools and
techniques make work easier
• The Bronze Age
starts
in
• People replace
copper and stone with bronze to make tools, weapons
Civilization
Emerges in
The City
of
• Flourished
about 3000 B.C. in what is now southern
• Population
about 30,000; live in well-defined social classes
• Rulers, priests
and priestesses, wealthy merchants, artisans, soldiers
An
Agricultural Economy
• Food surpluses
keep the economy thriving
Life in
the City
• Families live
in small houses tightly packed near one another
• Artisans make
trade goods and weapons for
• Goods and
services bartered, or traded without using money
• Scribes make
records of transactions
The
• Ziggurat, a temple, is
tallest, most important building
• Priests carry
out religious rituals there